GlutathioneAlso known as: GSH, L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine

Mechanism of Action

Glutathione acts as a central regulator of cellular redox balance by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS) through its thiol group, participating in enzymatic detoxification reactions primarily via glutathione peroxidases and transferases, and maintaining mitochondrial stability. It cycles between reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) forms to preserve cellular oxidative homeostasis.

Reported Research Benefits

Widely researched for its antioxidant properties, cellular detoxification, protection against oxidative stress, support of mitochondrial health, modulation of aging processes, and in studies aiming to enhance longevity and recovery from cellular damage.

Dosing Protocol & Reconstitution

In research settings, glutathione is typically prepared by reconstituting lyophilized powder with bacteriostatic water. Concentrations and dosing vary depending on experimental design, but common in vitro concentrations range from micromolar to low millimolar levels. For in vivo animal models, dosage is adjusted based on species and study specifics; no standardized human dosing for therapeutic use since this product is for research only.

Research Notes

Preclinical studies demonstrate glutathione's capacity to reduce oxidative damage markers, improve mitochondrial function, and influence gene expression related to detoxification. Rapid intracellular turnover occurs with a half-life of about 2–4 hours. Oral bioavailability in humans is limited; hence, direct cell or tissue application is common in laboratory research.

Research Summary

Glutathione (GSH) is the body's master antioxidant, a tripeptide (Glu-Cys-Gly) critical for cellular redox homeostasis, detoxification of xenobiotics, and immune function. Supplementation via subcutaneous or IV routes increases tissue GSH levels more effectively than oral dosing. Clinical evidence supports benefits in oxidative stress-related conditions, liver disease, Parkinson's disease, and immune function.

Side Effects & Safety

Generally very well-tolerated. IV administration may cause rare allergic reactions. Inhalation form associated with bronchospasm in asthmatics. Theoretical concern of sulfur sensitization with very high doses. May alter metabolism of certain medications via glutathione conjugation.

Stability & Storage

Refer to research notes

Molecular Data

Sequence: γ-Glu-Cys-Gly
Molecular Formula: C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight: 307.32 g/mol
CAS Number: 70-18-8
IUPAC Name: (2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-sulfanyl-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino}-4-oxobutanoic acid

Primary literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=glutathione+antioxidant+supplementation