SS-31Also known as: Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

Mechanism of Action

SS-31 is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds to cardiolipin, a unique phospholipid located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. This binding stabilizes mitochondrial membranes, prevents oxidative damage by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS), preserves mitochondrial bioenergetics, and enhances ATP production. By protecting mitochondrial structure and function under oxidative stress conditions, SS-31 improves cellular energy metabolism and survival.

Reported Research Benefits

Used in preclinical research to study mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging, neurodegeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, kidney diseases, retina degeneration, muscle fatigue, and metabolic disorders. It is applied in models investigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial bioenergetics restoration.

Dosing Protocol & Reconstitution

Typically supplied as a lyophilized powder, SS-31 is reconstituted in bacteriostatic water for laboratory administration. In preclinical studies, dosing varies but subcutaneous administration is common in animal models. Precise dosing depends on experimental design, with a peptide calculator recommended for accurate preparation.

Research Notes

Research indicates SS-31 has robust protective effects on mitochondrial membranes, improving ATP production and reducing oxidative damage in cardiac, muscle, neural, renal, and retinal tissues. Its effects have been documented in multiple animal models without major adverse effects. The half-life in vivo varies but it is sufficient to exert mitochondrial protective effects in experimental settings.

Research Summary

SS-31 (Elamipretide / MTP-131) is a tetrapeptide that specifically targets cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing cristae structure and improving electron transport chain efficiency. Phase II/III trials in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) demonstrated improvements in 6-minute walk distance and quality of life. Also studied in Barth syndrome, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, and age-related mitochondrial dysfunction.

Side Effects & Safety

Generally well-tolerated in clinical trials. Injection site reactions (erythema, pain) are the most common adverse events. No systemic organ toxicity observed at therapeutic doses. Mild nausea reported in some subjects.

Stability & Storage

Refer to research notes

Molecular Data

Sequence: D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2
Molecular Formula: C_44H_73N_13O_10
Molecular Weight: 1113.29 g/mol
CAS Number: 299810-57-9
IUPAC Name: (2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-aminobutylamino)propanoyl]amino]-N,5-dimethyl-2-hexanediamide

Primary literature: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=SS-31+elamipretide+mitochondria+cardiolipin